DNA Structure: DNA Replication RNA Synthesis Protein

desoxyribonucleic acid Structure deoxyribonucleic acid Replication ribonucleic acid Synthesis Proteindesoxyribonucleic acid, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the transmitted material of a cell. It contains information nigh an organisms cell structure, function, development and reproduction. DNA moldiness be subject to reiterate quickly and correctly so that the daughter cells digest the same genetic information as the parental cell. DNA must as well be capable of change. This provides variation among different timess and was the key factor for ontogeny to occur. DNA is a polymer (made up of many units) of root words. severally nucleotide contains a five-carbon pelf ( in that respect is an extra hydroxyl sort in the sugar for ribonucleic acid), a nitrogen-bearing prat, and a phosphate group. on that point are two classes of nitrogenous bases, purines and pyrimidines. Each purine pairs up with angiotensin-converting enzyme and only(a) pyrimidine. Adenine and guanine are pu rines (double ring structures), piece of music cytosine, thymine (DNA), and uracil (ribonucleic acid) are pyrimidines (single ring structures). Nucleotides are linked unneurotic by a covalent bond between the phosphate group of unity nucleotide and the 3carbon of the sugar of anformer(a) nucleotide. These 5-3 linkages are called phosphodiester bonds. These bonds are real strong and provide a good backbone for the structure of DNA. Experiments were do by Watson and Crick, and Franklin and Wilkins provided a collar-dimensional model of DNA- the double helix. It is composed of 2 chains that are anti-parallel to one another (rope ladder that is twisted). Each feeling of the ladder is composed of one purine, ad one pyrimidine ( angstrom unitthymine, guaninecytosine). The interchange dogma of biology is DNARNAprotein. DNA, which contains the genes that are expressed, has to be write down and translated first. DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which codes for a specific protein and is assembled through ribosomes. Proteins are deductioned by amino group acids. The order of nucleotides in DNA determines the amino acids used in synthesising a protein. Three nucleotides (codon) code for one amino acid there are 64 different possibilities of codons. There is a total of 20 amino acids, which means that more than one codon codes for the same amino acid. There are also start codons to begin protein synthesis and stop codons to abrogate protein synthesis (Russell, 9-19).HypothesisI indicate that we will be able to understand the structure of DNA and RNA after this experiment.I p rose-cheekedict that I will achieve a better understanding of protein synthesis after this experiment.MethodsWe obtained 60 white cliff (deoxyribose sugar), 60 red beads (phosphate group), 15 orange beads ( angstrom), 15 green beads (guanine), 15 blue beads (cytosine), 15 yellow beads (thymine), and 30 excrete connectors (hydrogen bonds).We assembled 60 nucleotides by attaching a red bead ( phosphate group) to the white bead (deoxyribose sugar) in a 5 position.We prone a nitrogenous base bead (orange/green/blue/yellow) to the 1 position of the deoxyribose sugar (white bead)We constructed a single- drawstringed polynucleotide chain by attaching the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the 3 end of another deoxyribose sugar (this strand contained 30 nucleotides- opine to add the nitrogenous bases in a random order).To form the natural double stranded DNA molecule, an antiparallel single strand must now be constructed to bond with the initial strand.The remaining 30 nucleotides were attached in the same manner as mentioned above.They were placed antiparallel to the other strand, but we made sure that the nitrogenous bases across each strand were complementary (A bonded with T, and G bonded with C).Connectors were placed between the bases to represent hydrogen bonds.We and so sour DNA replication by first forming an origin of replication. bead were obtained and attac hed in a 53 direction. 2 DNAs were synthesised (each with one parental strand and one new complementary strand), which showed the semiconservative model.We then simulated RNA synthesis (transcription).We obtained 24 pink beads (ribose sugar), 24 red beads (phosphate group), 6 orange beads (adenine), 6 green beads (guanine), 6 blue beads (cytosine), and 6 purple beads (uracil). We also obtained a template DNA strand.We constructed the RNA nucleotides in a alike fashion that we made the DNA nucleotides.We followed the DNA strand and attached the RNA nucleotides accordingly (complementary to the template strand of the DNA).We then simulated protein synthesis by encoding the mRNA ( displacement).We positioned the RNA horizontally in a 53 fashion and uncoded the RNA. 3 nitrogenous bases make up one codon. We wrote down the different codons and using a table, figured out the amino acids required to make the protein.Lastly, we constructed the polypeptide by connecting the different amino acids. The chain unploughed building as the chain moved from the A site to the P site to the E site.ResultsDNA Strand- 5-ATGGCTAGTATAGGTTGCCATCGATGGCAG-33-TACCGATCATATCCAACGGTAGCTACCGTC-5RNA Strand- 5- AUG-GUC-UAC-CUA-ACG-CCG-GAU-UAG-3Coding for- f-Met-Val-Tyr- Leu-Thr-Pro-Asp-terminationConclusionDNA is very important for life. It can replicate well, which means that the next gene dimensionn will retain the characteristics of the parents. It is capable of change, which means that it provides for variation and was crucial for evolution to occur. It also codes for proteins that help express genes and traits of the organism.In this lab, we simulated DNA structure, replication, RNA synthesis and protein synthesis. Each one of these processes is essential to human life and a mutation in any one of the processes could lead to death. In DNA, adenine bonds to thymine via two hydrogen bonds, while guanine bonds to cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. In all DNA, the fall of adenine should e qual the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine should equal the amount of cytosine (11 ratio of AT and GC). However, the differentiation in the ratio of the adenine/thymine pair to guanine/cytosine pair varies greatly among organisms. DNA replicates semi-conservatively. This means that during replication, the strands separate, replication occurs and when the two daughter DNAs are formed, each one contains one parental strand and one new strand.Lastly, in this simulation, we did not have post-transcriptional editing where introns are excised. Each gene codes for a polypeptide which could have various function depending on the amino acids that synthesised it. This experiment was very reformatory in the sense that it helped us realise how complex the processes of replication, transcription and translation are.